![]() They found that pastes created using either ethylene glycol or triethylene glycol as the binder preserved their amorphous nature even after oven sintering, and the amorphous nature was retained for up to several months. The researchers used several microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and rheology techniques to analyze the pastes and final printed models. Credit: Shaked et al., Materials Today Bio (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Then, they transferred the models to an autoclave for the final crystallization step under humid conditions at 100☌ before drying the models in a vacuum oven at 75☌.ĪCC printed models from ethylene glycol paste (D) immediately after printing, (E) after low-temperature sintering, and (F) after crystallization treatment in an autoclave. They extruded the paste through a thin nozzle and placed the printed models in a vacuum oven for low-temperature sintering overnight at 150☌. They maintained the amorphous nature of the ACC powder by submerging it in excess acetone until they accumulated enough powder to mix it with a dispersant and one of three different binders to form a paste. 6H 20, and Na 2CO 3 and then filtering the suspension.They created a high-magnesium ACC powder by mixing aqueous solutions of CaCl 2 However, the Israeli researchers believed they could overcome these limitations by doping ACC with magnesium, which increases the stability of ACC. ![]() Up to now, many researchers discounted the possibility of 3D printing with ACC due its heat intolerance as well as inability to remain stable for long periods of time. The amorphous-to-crystalline transformation facilitates incorporation of organic and inorganic additives into the final structure. Researchers are interested in ACC due to its widespread function as a precursor to crystalline calcium carbonate. They developed the new low-temperature printing processing using a metastable polymorph that has gained increasing interest of late-amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC).ĪCC is the amorphous and least stable polymorph of calcium carbonate, a versatile biomineral used for a variety of industrial purposes. The researchers come from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. The high temperatures required to harden the printed material means the final ceramic part will not retain any organic additives, which limits the types of functional ceramic materials you can produce via 3D printing.ĭeveloping a low-temperature printing process would allow for the realization of printed ceramic materials featuring organic additives, and a recent open-access paper suggests a way to achieve this goal. However, manufacturers still face limits to what 3D printing can achieve.įor example, many ceramic additive manufacturing methods use organic or polymeric binders to hold ceramic particles together during deposition, after which they are burned away during heat treatment and sintering. In the past decade, the ability to 3D print ceramic materials grew by leaps and bounds, as evidenced by talks at the annual 2021 Ceramics Expo. Researchers in Israel developed a new low-temperature 3D printing process using amorphous calcium carbonate.
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